Layout used to mean floats and hacks. Today you have Flexbox (one direction: row or column) and Grid (rows and columns). Use both: Grid for the page, Flexbox for the pieces inside.

Flexbox answers “how do I line these up or space them out?” Grid answers “where does this block sit in a 2D grid?”

display: flex on a container lays its children in a row (default) or column. justify-content aligns along the main axis (e.g. space-between); align-items on the cross axis (e.g. center).

flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis control how items share space. Great for nav bars, card rows, and centering. It does not handle “row and column at once” the way Grid does.

display: grid with grid-template-columns and grid-template-rows defines the grid. Use fr (fraction of space) and minmax() for flexible, responsive tracks. Children go into cells; grid-column and grid-row place them.

Grid is ideal for page layouts, dashboards, and any design with a clear row/column structure. Auto-placement flows items if you do not specify; use gap for spacing.

Use Grid for the overall page structure and Flexbox for components inside a cell. Media queries (e.g. @media (min-width: 768px)) change the template or direction at breakpoints so layout adapts to screen size.

Keep breakpoints consistent (e.g. 640, 768, 1024 px). [Learn more on MDN – CSS layout](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started) (Flexbox, Grid, RWD).